TOTimals: A controlled experimental method for studying tip-of-the-tongue states
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In empirical studies of the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon, memory of information learned outside of the laboratory has been examined. Problems with the interpretations of such studies limit the usefulness of this technique for controlled experimentation. Such problems include insufficient control and verification of acquisition and retention factors; not knowing the intended target of the subjects memory search; and relatively low levels of observed positive TOT states. The present study demonstrates the efficacy of TOTimalsimaginary animalsfor inducing TOT states. In two experiments, subjects studied a list of TOTimals and were tested for TOT states as they tried to recall the names, given the TOTimal pictures as cues. High frequencies of reported TOT states (as high as 45%) were observed in both experiments. For unrecalled items, feeling of knowing, recognition of the name, and correct recall of the first letter were higher for names that were in TOT states than for those not in TOT states, validating the subjective TOT report. The experiments demonstrate a powerful new method for examining TOT states. 1991, Psychonomic Society, Inc.. All rights reserved.
