MEGARes and AMR++, v3.0: an updated comprehensive database of antimicrobial resistance determinants and an improved software pipeline for classification using high-throughput sequencing.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered a critical threat to public health, and genomic/metagenomic investigations featuring high-throughput analysis of sequence data are increasingly common and important. We previously introduced MEGARes, a comprehensive AMR database with an acyclic hierarchical annotation structure that facilitates high-throughput computational analysis, as well as AMR++, a customized bioinformatic pipeline specifically designed to use MEGARes in high-throughput analysis for characterizing AMR genes (ARGs) in metagenomic sequence data. Here, we present MEGARes v3.0, a comprehensive database of published ARG sequences for antimicrobial drugs, biocides, and metals, and AMR++ v3.0, an update to our customized bioinformatic pipeline for high-throughput analysis of metagenomic data (available at MEGLab.org). Database annotations have been expanded to include information regarding specific genomic locations for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions and/or deletions (indels) when required by specific ARGs for resistance expression, and the updated AMR++ pipeline uses this information to check for presence of resistance-conferring genetic variants in metagenomic sequenced reads. This new information encompasses 337 ARGs, whose resistance-conferring variants could not previously be confirmed in such a manner. In MEGARes 3.0, the nodes of the acyclic hierarchical ontology include 4 antimicrobial compound types, 59 resistance classes, 233 mechanismsand 1448 gene groups that classify the 8733 accessions.
Bonin, N., Doster, E., Worley, H., Pinnell, L. J., Bravo, J. E., Ferm, P., ... Boucher, C.
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Bonin, Nathalie||Doster, Enrique||Worley, Hannah||Pinnell, Lee J||Bravo, Jonathan E||Ferm, Peter||Marini, Simone||Prosperi, Mattia||Noyes, Noelle||Morley, Paul S||Boucher, Christina
