The retrieval of related information influences tip-of-the-tongue states
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The sources underlying tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states were examined by manipulating the amount of information provided at encoding. Using imaginary animals (TOTimals) as targets, we presented participants with three encoding conditions; a minimum-information condition (the country and the animal name, such as "Panama-Yelkey"), a medium-information condition (country, animal name, picture of TOTimal), and a maximum-information condition (country, animal name, picture, and description). Medium and maximum-information conditions resulted in more reported TOT states than the minimum-information condition when the country was the cue at test. The encoding conditions did not differ in recall. In Experiments 2 and 3, we manipulated cue familiarity by priming the countries, leading to an increase in reported TOT states only in the minimum-information condition. In Experiment 3, we found that TOT states were associated with more retrieved pictorial information than non-TOT states. Results suggest that participants use the products of retrieval as a source of information for TOT states. 1997 Academic Press.
