Collective modes in superfluid 3he: lessons for exotic superconductors?
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The three phases of superfluid 3He are the first superfluids known to have non-s wave order parameters. The Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) pairs are p-wave with s = 1 and l= 1 spin and orbital quantum numbers, respectively. The complex order parameters associated with such pairs, therefore, have 18 degrees of freedom, leading to a wide variety of collective modes, most of which can be excited either by ultrasound or magnetic resonance techniques. The collective mode spectra associated with the internal degrees of freedom for the superfluid phases are discussed. Possible connections to the non-s wave order parameters thought to be associated with high Tc and heavy fermion superconductors are considered. 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.