PLANARIZATION OF MULTILEVEL METALIZATION PROCESSES: A CRITICAL REVIEW. .
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This paper presents a review of conventional and novel planarization processes such as Glass Flow, Etchback with or without a sacrificial layer, SOG, BSQ, polyimide, substrate-biased PECVD, and pillars. Key issues in a planarization process, e. g. , surface morphology, process simplicity and reliability, material characteristics, and etch control are discussed. A comparison of various planarization processes is tabulated. The future trend of the planarization technology is examined.