Pacific meridional mode and El Nino-southern oscillation
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abstract
We present intriguing evidence that the majority of El Nio events over the past four decades are preceded by a distinctive seasurface warming and southwesterly wind anomaly in the vicinity of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during the boreal spring. This phenomenon, known as the Meridional Mode (MM), is shown to be intrinsic to the thermodynamic coupling between the atmosphere and ocean. The MM effectively acts as a conduit through which the extratropical atmosphere influences ENSO. Modeling results further suggest that the MM plays a vital role in the seasonal phaselocking behavior of ENSO. The findings provide a new perspective for understanding the important role of thermodynamic oceanatmosphere feedback in ENSO and may have profound implications for ENSO prediction, particularly the unresolved issue of the spring predictability barrier.
