Revisiting Mechanisms, Methods, and Models for Altering Forage Cell Wall Utilization for Ruminants.
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Several ruminant animals rely almost exclusively on the complex polysaccharide matrix from the plant cell wall (CW) as their primary energy source via volatile fatty acids produced through ruminal and some hindgut fermentation processes. The CW contains different types and proportions of polysaccharides, proteins, phenolic compounds, and minerals in their macromolecular structure that influence the rate and extent of fiber digestion and selective retention of particulate matter due to its physical characteristics (buoyancy and comminuting) in the reticulorumen. The biosynthetic formation of the CW dictates possible manipulation mechanisms (targeted plant and microbes selection) and processing methods (physical, chemical, microbial, and enzymatic treatments and the use of genetically engineered bacteria) to increase its digestibility, leading to better utilization of the CW by the ruminant animal and hopefully lower the contribution of ruminants' greenhouse gas emissions. Early studies on lignin biosynthesis have led to more advanced studies focusing on replacing traditional monolignols with homopolymers that are easier to deconstruct or degrade. Concurrently, laboratory methods must be developed, evaluated, and modified to accurately and reliably reflect the digestibility and nutritive value of CW brought about by modern manipulation mechanisms or processing methods. However, the laboratory methods must also be reliable, precise, feasible, trivial, easy to implement, and cost-effective, but at the same time environmentally friendly and aware. For instance, although the acid detergent lignin has been demonstrated to behave uniformly as a nutritional entity, its chemical determination and association with carbohydrates still lack consensus. Spectroscopy (near-infrared and Raman) and in vitro gas production techniques have been adopted to assess plant chemical composition and nutritive value, but an incomplete understanding of the impacts caused by disrupting the CW for sample processing still exists. Different variations of multicompartmental and time- and age-dependent mathematical models have been proposed to determine the ruminal rates of degradation and passage of fiber. However, low-quality and incomplete data due to inconsistent marker results used to determine passage rates and transit time of fiber in the gastrointestinal tract have hindered advancements and adoptions of the next generation of computer models to understand ruminal fiber degradation.
