3-D penalty finite element model of forming processes
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A penalty-finite element formulation of the forming processes, taking into account heat and fluid flow and their coupling, is presented. A literature review of various important aspects of these processes is also included for completeness and background to the present study. The computational model is used to study the effectiveness of various constitutive models developed for metal forming and polymer processing, and investigate the parametric effect of different modeling options. The element-by-element (EBE) data structure with efficient iterative solution methods is used to solve the large systems of equations that arise in the analysis of real-world problems. Numerical results for problems representative of various forming processes (e.g., extrusion and solidification) are presented.