Feasibility and clinical utility of transvenous intracardiac echocardiography in conscious, sedated horses.
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INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is a method of obtaining echocardiographic images with a steerable ultrasound catheter placed within the heart via a venous or arterial approach. The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility of a 5-10MHz, 8 French, 90cm ICE catheter to evaluate cardiac structures and function in standing, sedated horses, and describe standard views in this species. ANIMALS: Ten apparently healthy horses weighing 458.1-618.2kg from a university teaching herd. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Each horse had a physical examination, transthoracic echocardiography,and ICE performed through a 10 French introducer percutaneously placed in the right jugular vein in the proximal third of the neck with continuous ECG monitoring using telemetry. RESULTS: Three intracardiac echocardiography positions (cranial right atrium, mid right atrium, and right ventricle) with seven views were described with the associated 2D, pulse wave Doppler, continuous wave Doppler, color Doppler, and M-mode image acquisition standardized by referencing the intracardiac positions and common landmarks. The positions were confirmed with simultaneous transthoracic echocardiography. The procedure was well tolerated with only mild, occasional ventricular, and supraventricular arrhythmias that resolved with intracardiac echocardiography catheter repositioning. CONCLUSIONS: Intracardiac echocardiography is feasible, safe, and allows for the acquisition of diagnostic images in conscious, sedated horses.
