Currently, AV, connected vehicle (CV), and CAV technologies are still in the development stage, meaning CAVs are not widespread and are currently too expensive for the average household to afford. However, companies are investing more money into CAV technologies. As these technologies develop further, perceptions and availability of CAVs are poised to change for the better. CAVs have a spate of benefits to offer to the user, other vehicle users, and the environment. These benefits include improved safety, reduced travel times, and reduced roadway emissions. While 100% CAV penetration is unlikely in the near future, the expected increase in the number of CAVs on the roadways is almost certain. Therefore, understanding how different levels of CAV penetration on roadways can affect other commuters and the environment is important.
