Stand Establishment Chapter

This chapter describes the impact of physiological, chemical and biological agents (including plant growth regulators, endophytes, and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas) on key morphological and physiological adaptive mechanisms that peppers (Capsicum spp.) use to cope with abiotic stress (heat and cold stress, drought, nutrition-related stress, salinity, and transplant shock). A comparison of direct sowing and transplanting methods of sweet and hot peppers based on root and shoot growth and yield is presented.