2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The resource-saving and resource-consuming characteristics of plant factories with artificial lighting (PFAL) are summarized in this chapter, since efficient uses of resources are the most important factor that determines the opportunities and challenges of PFALs consisting of a thermally well-insulated and highly airtight structure containing multiple tiers with lighting and hydroponic units, CO2 supply unit, air conditioners (or heat pumps), and control unit. Challenging issues regarding the efficiency of resource use in a PFAL are also described.
