2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Much of the technology used in plant factories with artificial lighting (PFAL) differs from that used in horticulture and agriculture, although the basic science and technology are the same. Thus, new ideas for PFAL technologies are needed. Examples include: upward lighting systems, use of green LEDs, breeding of vegetables and medicinal plants suited to PFAL, seed propagation, a hydroponic culture system with restricted root mass, year-round production of ever-flowering berries, and the use of natural energy in PFAL. This chapter discusses potential opportunities for the next-generation PFAL.
