Intestinal Microbiota and Host Metabolism Respond Differentially in Lean and Obese Individuals Following Six-Week Consumption of Galloyl Derivatives from Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) Pulp
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Obesityassociated inflammation has been an increasing concern in public health. This study investigated changes in the gut microbiome, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of galloyl metabolites, and antiinflammatory activities in lean and obese subjects in a randomized pilot study. Twelve lean (Average BMI=22.34) and nine obese (Average BMI=33.42) subjects were enrolled and administrated 400g of mango daily for six weeks. Plasma samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hours after mango consumption on days 1 and 42. Gut microbiota composition in stool samples was measured using qPCR and biomarkers for inflammatory conditions in plasma were determined using a multiplex bead assay. After six weeks of mango consumption, plasma concentrations of galloyl metabolites increased in all subjects. Plasma in lean subjects contained 2.4 times higher levels of polyphenols compared to obese subjects, including pyrogallol derivatives. As shown in qPCR, the levels of pyrogallolproducing microbiota, Aspergillus oryzae and Lactococcus lactis were significantly lower in obese subjects compared to lean subjects on the baseline, but the levels were increased in obese subjects to match the lean subjects after six weeks. The levels of Bifidobacterium Spp. were not significantly changed, but directly correlated with the amount of galloyl metabolites found in plasma (p=0.0243, r=0.36, Spearman correlation). The levels of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Clostridium leptum, microbiota associated with obesity, were significantly higher in obese subjects compared to lean subjects on the baseline, but decreased after six weeks of mango intake. In obese subjects, plasma concentrations (AUC08h) of IL8 and MCP1 were significantly decreased after six weeks, while there were no changes in lean subjects. The plasma concentrations (AUC08h) of IL10 were significantly higher in lean subjects compared to obese subjects and correlated with the amount of galloyl metabolites found in plasma (p=0.0218, r=0.38, Spearman correlation). These results indicate that obese individuals do not exhibit the same level of adaptive absorption and metabolism as lean subjects, but still benefit from a decrease of proinflammatory cytokines (IL8 and MCP1). The observed changes may in part be due to differences in gut microbiota composition and metabolism.Support or Funding InformationPartial funding for this research was provided by: National Mango Board
