This concluding chapter summarizes what can be learnt from this book concerning the concept and nature of expertise, and how expertise is theoretically conceptualized and empirically measured. The chapter discusses differences between the Eastern and Western perspectives on expertise, and exemplifies their different orientations of teaching towards the subject of mathematics and the individual students. Furthermore, we discuss and analyze the current state-of-art research on expertise and possible research directions for the future. 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
