permeate water quality and costs Treatment of surface water by double membrane systems: assessment of fouling

Conventional treatment is often inadequate to meet the stringent water quality regulations in the United States. As a result, many utilities are anticipating the use of alternative technologies such as membranes. A pilot study was conducted to compare microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF) and conventional treatment as pretreatment strategies for surface water nanofiltration (NF) MF and UF pretreatment resulted in lower NF fouling rates and longer cleaning intervals compared to those measured following conventional treatment. NF was shown to reduce both trihalomethane and haloacetic acid precursor materials to levels below all current and anticipated United States Environmental Protection Agency disinfection by-product regulations. The cost of membrane systems was shown to be influenced by the trans membrane flux achieved by the particular system studied.

Treatment of surface water by double membrane systems: assessment of fouling, permeate water quality and costs Conference Paper