A spectral/hp least-squares finite element analysis of the Carreau-Yasuda fluids
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Copyright 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. A least-squares finite element model with spectral/hp approximations was developed for steady, two-dimensional flows of non-Newtonian fluids obeying the CarreauYasuda constitutive model. The finite element model consists of velocity, pressure, and stress fields as independent variables (hence, called a mixed model). Least-squares models offer an alternative variational setting to the conventional weak-form Galerkin models for the NavierStokes equations, and no compatibility conditions on the approximation spaces used for the velocity, pressure, and stress fields are necessary when the polynomial order (p) used is sufficiently high (say, p > 3, as determined numerically). Also, the use of the spectral/hp elements in conjunction with the least-squares formulation with high p alleviates various forms of locking, which often appear in low-order least-squares finite element models for incompressible viscous fluids, and accurate results can be obtained with exponential convergence. To verify and validate, benchmark problems of Kovasznay flow, backward-facing step flow, and lid-driven square cavity flow are used. Then the effect of different parameters of the CarreauYasuda constitutive model on the flow characteristics is studied parametrically. Copyright 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
