Transconductance amplifier structures with very small transconductances: A comparative design approach
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abstract
A family of CMOS operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) has been designed for very small G m's (of the order of nanoamperes per volt) with transistors operating in moderate inversion. Several OTA design schemes such as conventional, using current division, floating-gate, and bulk-driven techniques are discussed. A detailed comparison has also been made among these schemes in terms of performance characteristics such as power consumption, active silicon area, and signal-to-noise ratio. The transconductance amplifiers have been fabricated in a 1.2-m n-well CMOS process and operate at a power supply of 2.7 V. Chip test results are in good agreement with theoretical results.