Evolution of physical controls for soil moisture in humid and subhumid watersheds
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The covariability of soil moisture with soil, vegetation, topography, and precipitation is linked by physical relationships. The influence of each of these interdependent physical controls on soil moisture spatial distribution depends on the nature of heterogeneity present in the domain and evolves with time and scale. This paper investigates the effect of three physical controls, i.e., topography (slope), vegetation (type), and soil (texture), on soil moisture spatial distribution in the Little Washita and Walnut Creek watersheds in Oklahoma and Iowa, respectively, at two support scales. Point-support-scale data collected from four soil moisture campaigns (SMEX02, SMEX03, SMEX05, and CLASIC07) and airborne-scale data from three soil moisture campaigns (SGP97, SGP99, and SMEX02) were used in this analysis. The effect of different physical controls on the spatial mean and variability of soil moisture was assessed using Kruskal-Wallis and Shannon entropy respectively. It was found that at both (point and airborne) support scales, nonuniform precipitation (forcing) across the domain can mask the effect of the dominant physical controls on the soil moisture distribution. In order to isolate land-surface controls from the impact of forcing, the effect of precipitation variability was removed. After removing the effect of precipitation variability, it was found that for most soil moisture conditions, soil texture as opposed to vegetation and topography is the dominant physical control at both the point and airborne scales in Iowa and Oklahoma. During a very wet year (2007), however, the effect of topography on the soil moisture spatial variability overrides the effect of soil texture at the point support scale. These findings are valuable for developing any physically based scaling algorithms to upscale or downscale soil moisture between the point and watershed scales in the studied watersheds in humid and subhumid regions of the Great Plains of USA. These results may also be used in designing effective soil moisture field campaigns. 2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
