Mapping polaronic states and lithiation gradients in individual V2O5 nanowires.
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The rapid insertion and extraction of Li ions from a cathode material is imperative for the functioning of a Li-ion battery. In many cathode materials such as LiCoO2, lithiation proceeds through solid-solution formation, whereas in other materials such as LiFePO4 lithiation/delithiation is accompanied by a phase transition between Li-rich and Li-poor phases. We demonstrate using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) that in individual nanowires of layered V2O5, lithiation gradients observed on Li-ion intercalation arise from electron localization and local structural polarization. Electrons localized on the V2O5 framework couple to local structural distortions, giving rise to small polarons that serves as a bottleneck for further Li-ion insertion. The stabilization of this polaron impedes equilibration of charge density across the nanowire and gives rise to distinctive domains. The enhancement in charge/discharge rates for this material on nanostructuring can be attributed to circumventing challenges with charge transport from polaron formation.
De Jesus, L. R., Horrocks, G. A., Liang, Y., Parija, A., Jaye, C., Wangoh, L., ... Banerjee, S.
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De Jesus, Luis R||Horrocks, Gregory A||Liang, Yufeng||Parija, Abhishek||Jaye, Cherno||Wangoh, Linda||Wang, Jian||Fischer, Daniel A||Piper, Louis FJ||Prendergast, David||Banerjee, Sarbajit
