Beyond the Rayleigh Limit in Optical Lithography
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It is well-known that traditional optical lithography is restricted by the Rayleigh limit such that the smallest feature that can be generated is restricted to half the wavelength of the light source. Thus light beams with shorter and shorter wavelength have been applied to print smaller and smaller circuit images. However, when it comes to the extreme ultraviolet or X-ray, severe problems can emerge. In the past 10-15. years, several novel optical lithography schemes have been illustrated to overcome the diffraction limit. In this article, we review these schemes and explain their basic principles with possible experimental realizations. 2012 Elsevier Inc.