The effect of Cr(III) acetate-HPAM gel maturity on washout from open fractures
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The blockage performance of a Cr(III) acetate-HPAM gel was investigated using several different application regimes and gel maturities. Fractured core plugs from four outcrop core materials were used, all constituting smooth, longitudinal fractures of 1 mm aperture. Mature and immature gel was placed in the fractures, and for some application regimes in the surrounding core matrix, and the blockage performance assessed by recording rupture pressures and subsequent residual resistance factors during chase waterfloods, F rrw. Placement of mature gel in open fractures yielded consistent rupture pressures during subsequent water injections, following linear trends for given gel placement rates and throughput volumes. The rupture pressures were predictable and stable in all the core materials studied. Rupture pressures achieved after placement and in-situ crosslinking of gelant were comparable to mature gel rupture pressures, but were less predictable. When maximizing gelant saturation in the matrix, rupture pressures were measured to 12 - 53 psi/ft. The maximum achieved rupture pressure when gelant was placed without matrix taps to promote leakoff was 11.9 psi/ft. Interactions between rock material and gelant were observed when Bentheim sandstone cores were used, and gel was in some cases not formed. No such interactions were observed in experiments using formed gel. Significant permeability reduction for water was achieved when both gel and gelant were used. Residual resistance factors for cores treated with gel and gelant were initially comparable. After eight water flushes (>120 fracture volumes (FV) water injected) substantially greater pressure gradients were observed in cores treated with formed gel rather than gelant cross-linked in-situ and the permeability reduction averaged a factor 5000 for gel and 600 for gelant treated cores. The significance of these observations to field applications will be discussed. Copyright 2014, Society of Petroleum Engineers.
